ABSTRACT
Objective:To explore the protective effects of breastfeeding on behavioral problems at 4 years in children born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).Methods:Based on the Ma' anshan Birth Cohort (MABC) study, 305 GDM women and their children were recruited in this study from Ma' anshan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital from May 2013 to September 2014. Total breastfeeding duration was followed up at 42 d, 3, 6, 12, and 18 months postpartum as well as the breastfeeding intensity within 6 months. All the subjects were divided into breastfeeding group ( n=256, including exclusive breastfeeding and mixed feeding) or bottle feeding group ( n=49). Internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems at age 4 were assessed using Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL/1.5~5) and their association with breastfeeding were analyzed using robust Poisson regression. Controlling false discovery rate was applied for multiple test correction. Results:Compared with bottle feeding, breastfeeding was a protective factor for depression in children ( RR=0.23, 95% CI: 0.05-0.98, q=0.048) when the duration was 4-5 months; for somatic complaints ( RR=0.36, 95% CI: 0.14-0.95, q=0.047) and anxiety ( RR=0.19, 95% CI: 0.06-0.62, q=0.010) with a breastfeeding duration of 6-11 months; and for depression ( RR=0.46, 95% CI: 0.25-0.83, q=0.039) and anxiety ( RR=0.12, 95% CI: 0.03-0.49, q=0.006) with a breastfeeding duration of 12 months and above. Compared with bottle feeding within 6 months, mixed feeding had a protective effect on somatic complaints ( RR=0.29, 95% CI: 0.13-0.64, q=0.026) and anxiety ( RR=0.18, 95% CI:0.07-0.52, q=0.002). Conclusions:The findings suggested that breastfeeding had a protective effect on behavioral problems at age 4 in children exposed to GDM. Women with GDM should be encouraged to breastfeed.
ABSTRACT
Objective To establish and validate the Caco-2 cell in vitro absorption model,so as to play a foundation for next study of drug absorption and transport. Methods Caco-2 cells were cultured on the polycarbonate membrane inserts fixed in the 24-well transwell transport chamber with three types cell density of low,medium and high concentration (5×104,1×105,2× 105·mL-1) respectively.After being cultured for 3,6,9,12,15,18,21 d,the integrity of monolayer were assessed and compared by the cell morphology,growth characters and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER),aiming to determine the inoculum density and culture time.Then the permeability and polarity were validated by the apical-to-basolateral amount of Lucifer Yellow across cell monolayer,the alkaline phosphatase activity in the apical side (AP),the basolateral side (BL) and intracellular activity. Results The cells of low,medium and high concentration group had fusion into a integrate cell monolayer and the maximum absorbance after being cultured for 15,12,9 d respectively.However,conglobated and dead cells were observed at the later growth stage in the medium and high concentration group and the TEER of cell monolayer were smaller than the low concentration group,which could reach 300 Ω·cm2after cultured 15 d and keep a relatively stable value, then cells were cultured with 5×104·mL-1cell density for 21 d.The Lucifer Yellow apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) was 3.57×10-7 cm·s-1which was lower than 5. 0×10-7cm·s-1according to provision. And the intracellular alkaline phosphates’ activity increased,AP/BL increased by 5 times in day 21. Conclusion The integrity,permeability and polarity of the established Caco-2 cell model in our laboratory was validated,and it can be used as an in vitro model similar with small intestinal epithelium for absorption and transport studies.